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    The Vitamine Manual
    The Vitamine Manual
    The Vitamine Manual
    Ebook109 pages1 hour

    The Vitamine Manual

    By Walter Hollis Eddy

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    In 1911 Casimir Funk coined the name Vitamine to describe the substance which he believed curative of an oriental disease known as beri-beri. This disease is common in Japan, the Philippines and other lands where the diet consists mainly of rice, and while the disease itself was well known its cause and cure had baffled the medical men for many years.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAnna Ruggieri
    Release dateFeb 6, 2017
    ISBN9788826017112
    The Vitamine Manual

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      Book preview

      The Vitamine Manual - Walter Hollis Eddy

      PREFACE

      The presentation of essential data concerning vitamines to succeeding groups of students has becomeincreasingly difficult with the development of research in this field. The literature itself has assumed a bulk that precludes sending the student to original sources except in those instances when they are themselves to become investigators. The demand onthe part of the layman for concise information about the new food factors is increasing and worthy of attention. For all of these reasons it has seemed worth while to collate the existing data and put it in a form which would be available for both studentand layman. Such is the purpose of this little book.

      It has been called a manual since the arrangement aims to provide the student with working material and suggestions for investigation as well as information. The bibliography, the data in the chapter onvitamine testing, the tables and the subdivision of subject matter have all been arranged to aid the laboratory workers and it is the hope that this plan may make the manual of especial value to the student investigator. The management also separates thedetails necessary to laboratory investigation from the more purely historical aspects of the subject which we believe will be appreciated by the lay reader as well as the student.

      No apologies are made for data which on publication shall be found obsolete.The whole subject is in too active a state of investigation to permit of more than a record of events and their apparent bearing. Whenever there is controversy the aim has been to cite opposing views and indicate their apparent value but with full realization that this value may be profoundly altered by new data.

      Since the type of the present manual was set, Drummond of England has suggested that we drop the terminal e in Vitamine, since the ending ine has a chemical significance which is to date not justified as a termination for the name of the unidentified dietary factors. This suggestion has been generally adopted by research workers and the spelling now in use isVitaminA, B, or C. It has hardly seemed worth while to derange the entire set up of the present text to make this correction and we have retained the form in use at the time the manuscript was first set up. The suggestion of Drummond, however, is sound and will undoubtedly be generally adopted by the research workers in the subject.

      Attempt has been made to cover all the important contributions up to April, 1921. Opportunity has permitted the inclusion of certain data of still later date and undoubtedly other important papers of earlier date will have been overlooked.

      It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance received in the preparation of the manuscript from Dr. H. C. Sherman, Dr. Mary S. Rose and Dr. Victor La Mer. Their suggestions have been most valuable and greatly appreciated.

      WALTER H. EDDY.

      Department of Physiological Chemistry,Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, April, 1921

      CHAPTER I

      HOW VITAMINES WERE DISCOVERED

      In 1911 Casimir Funk coined the name Vitamine to describe thesubstance which he believed curative of an oriental disease knownas beri-beri. This disease is common in Japan, the Philippines andother lands where the diet consists mainly of rice, and while thedisease itself was well known its cause and cure had baffled themedical men for many years. Today in magazines, newspapers andstreet car advertisements people are urged to use this or that foodor medicament on the plea of its vitamine content. In less than tenyears the study of vitamines has increased to such an extent thatit is difficult to find a chemical journal of any month of issuethatdoes not contain one or more articles bearing on the subject.Such a rapid rise to public notice suggests an importance thatjustifies investigation by the laity as well as the chemist and inthe pages that follow has beenoutlined in simple language thebiography of this newest and lustiest of the chemist'schildren.

      Dr. Funk christened one individual but the family has grownsince 1911 to three members which for lack of better names are nowcalled vitamines A, B, and C. There are now rumors of anotherarrival and none dare predict the limits of the family. Had thesenew substances been limited to their relation to an obscureoriental disease they would have of course commanded the medicalattention but it is doubtful whether the general public wouldhavefound it worth while to concern themselves. It is because on betteracquaintance they have compelled us to reform our ideas onnutrition of both adults and babies and pick out our foods from anew angle, that we accord them the attention they demand anddeserve. Granting then, their claim upon our attention, let usreview our present knowledge and try to see with just what we aredealing. This will be more easily accomplished if we consider thevitamines first from the historical side and reserve our attentionto details of behavior until later.

      A limited diet of polished rice and fish is a staple among thepeoples of the Orient. When the United States Government took overthe Philippine Islands in 1898 it sent there a small group ofscientists to establish laboratories and become acquainted with thepeculiarities of the people and their troubles. One of the firstmatters that engaged their attention was the condition of theprisons which were most unsanitary and whose inhabitants werepoorly fed and treated. Reforms were put into operation at once andthe sanitary measures soon changed these prisons to places notquite so abhorrent to the eye. In trying to improve the diets ofthe prisoners little change was made in their composition becauseof the native habits but the reformers saw to it that the rice fedshould be clean and white. In spite of these measures the firstyear saw a remarkable increase in the disease of beri-beri, and thelittle group of laboratory scientists had at once before them theproblem of checking a development that bid fair to become anepidemic. In fact, the logical discoverers of what we now know asthe antineuritic vitamine or vitamine B should have been thissame group of laboratory workers for it was largely due to theirwork between the years 1900 and 1911 that the ground was preparedfor Funk's harvest.

      The relation of rice to this disease was more than a suspicioneven in 1898. In 1897 a Dutch chemist, Eijkman, had succeeded inproducing in fowls a similar set of symptomsby feeding them withpolished rice alone. This set of symptoms he called polyneuritisand this term is now commonly used to signify a beri-beri inexperimental animals. Eijkman found that two or three weeks feedingsufficed to produce these symptoms and itwas he who first showedthat the addition of the rice polishings to the diet was sufficientto relieve the symptoms. Eijkman first thought that the corticalmaterial contained something necessary to neutralize the effects ofa diet rich in starch. Later however, he changed his view and in1906 his position was practically the view of today. In that sameyear (1906) F. Gowland Hopkins in England had come to theconclusion that the growth of laboratory animals demanded somethingin foods that could not be accounted for among the ordinarynutrients. He gave to these hypothetical substances the nameaccessory food factors. To Hopkins and to Eijkman may thereforebe justly attributed the credit of calling the world'sattention tothe unknown substances which Funk was to christen a little laterwith the name vitamines. Other workers, of course, knew of theseexperiments of Eijkman and Hopkins and in 1907 two of them, Fraserand Stanton, reported that by extracting rice polishings withalcohol they had secured aproduct which if added to the diet of asufferer from beri-beri seemed to produce curative effects. It isobvious that logic would have decreed that some of these workersshould be the ones to identify and name the curative material. Buthistory is not bound by the rules of logic and it was so in thiscase. Another student had been attracted to the problem and wasworking at the time in Germany where he also became acquainted withEijkman's results and began the investigation of rice polishings onexperimental lines. This student was Casimir Funk and a littlelater he carried his studies to England where he developed theresults that made him the first to announce the discovery of theunknown factor which he christened vitamine. Funk's studiescombined a careful chemical fractioning of the extracts of ricepolishings with tests for their antineuritic power uponpolyneuritic birds, after the manner taught by Eijkman. By carryingout this fractioning and testing he obtained from a large volume ofrice polishings a very small amount of a crystalline substancewhich proved to be curative to a high degree. A little later hedemonstrated that this same substance was particularly abundant inbrewers' yeast. From these two sources he obtained new extracts andcarefully repeated his analytical fractionings. The result was thedemonstration that they contained a substance which could bereduced to crystalline form and was therefore worthy of beingconsidered a chemical substance. In 1911, before Fraser and Stantonor anyother workers had been able to show to what their curativeextracts were due, Funk produced his product, demonstrated itsproperties and claimed his right to naming the same. At that hebarely escaped priority from still another source. The chemists inJapan were naturally interested

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