Plants - Transplanting, Pruning and the Tools Involved
By W. J. Bean
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Plants - Transplanting, Pruning and the Tools Involved - W. J. Bean
TRANSPLANTING
NEED FOR TRANSPLANTING
Transplanting is an important operation in the cultivation of trees and shrubs. It is seldom possible for perennial plants to be grown from seed, or even from very small specimens, on the spot they are to occupy permanently. Most gardens are furnished and replenished with plants raised in nurseries, and such plants, as a rule, are of sufficient size to produce an immediate effect, and may be five, ten, or fifteen years old. For trees or shrubs like these to be moved safely, transplanting will have had to be done two, three, or even more times during the previous life of the plant. Then alterations, re-arrangements, and improvements in gardens may render necessary the transplanting of even large specimens. The operation, therefore, is not only one that has to be continually practised, but the health and welfare of almost every plant in our gardens, parks, and woods is, or has been, dependent in a great measure on its proper performance.
Trees and shrubs vary a good deal in their capability of bearing the root-mutilation that transplanting necessarily involves. Some will scarcely bear it at all, as, for instance, the common Gorse; such plants have, consequently, to be grown in pots, or seed has to be sown on the ground where the plants are required. Others, like most of the deciduous members of the Rose family, bear transplanting without showing any ill effects. Generally, however, transplanting is in itself an evil, although a necessary one. Provided a tree is in its right position and in proper soil it is better left alone. That, however, is merely an academic view of the matter. The operation is an unavoidable one, and what we have to consider is the best way of doing it. Fruit-trees of over-vigorous growth may often have their fruitfulness increased by transplanting, but this, of course, is merely a form of root-pruning—an operation that is treated upon elsewhere.
In transplanting, every care should be taken to preserve as many as possible of the true feeding-roots of the plant. These are not the thick, woody portions, whose functions in the life-history of the plant are to serve as holdfasts or anchors, and to act as conduits through which food-matter is conveyed from the root-system to the leaves; the real working portions are the tips of the finest ramifications, and it is these, or the fibres from which they immediately spring, that it should be the aim to preserve. However carefully the work is done these delicate root-tips are more or less injured, and a plant’s capability of bearing transplanting well, or the reverse, largely depends on its power to quickly renew them.
SEASON FOR TRANSPLANTING
The question as to which is the best season for transplanting depends in a great measure on the plant itself. If plants are small enough, or develop the roots compact enough to hold the soil in which they are growing in a ball
to be removed along with them, there is scarcely any season of the year at which they may not be moved with safety. Rhododendrons and allied plants whose roots form compact balls are cases in point. Of course this does not mean that they can be transported long distances by rail, &c., but that where they are not out of the ground long enough for the roots to dry, such plants may be shifted even in midsummer. It is not, however, in connection with plants like these that the real problem of transplanting arises. They are simply taken from one place to another, with the whole root-system, and the soil it occupies, intact. It is when, owing to the size of the plant, or its way of rooting, or perhaps the distance it has to travel, little or no soil can be taken with it, and the roots are not only torn and injured, but also much reduced, that the time as well as the method of transplanting become important.
Deciduous trees and shrubs, as a whole, can be moved during the period when they are destitute of foliage—say from October until March. Even after they have started growing they can be shifted safely, provided they are watered during any dry time that may ensue. On the whole, October and November are the best months. At this period the weather is usually moist and warm, and the plants get thoroughly settled in the ground and the roots calloused over by the following spring. This applies to most deciduous trees and shrubs, either ornamental or fruit-bearing. Still, there are exceptions. Magnolias, for instance, which make long, thick roots, and so are difficult to remove without root-injury, are best transplanted in May, just as evidences of new growth appear. If transplanting is done in late autumn or in winter, the roots do not callous then but decay at the injured parts, whereas in May the wounds callous over comparatively quickly.