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    Thermodynamic analysis of geothermal heat pumps for civil air-conditioning
    Thermodynamic analysis of geothermal heat pumps for civil air-conditioning
    Thermodynamic analysis of geothermal heat pumps for civil air-conditioning
    Ebook146 pages1 hour

    Thermodynamic analysis of geothermal heat pumps for civil air-conditioning

    By Marcello Macrì

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    The choice of a geothermal heat pump system, allows to use the ground as a heat reservoir with which to exchange heat during the year; this involves that the effect of seasonal temperature variations are minor than the variations of the outside air. In this book two air -conditioning systems for buildings are compared: a geothermal heat pump water / air and a traditional heat pump air / air. After dimensioning the vertical geothermal probes with the major theoretic systems (German regulations VDI 4640, IGSHPA and ASHRAE), two different models have been developed: one for the heat exchange between the heat transfer fluid and the subsoil, and another one for the calculation of the energetic, economic and environmental performances of both the systems. Under examination is a commercial building virtually placed in three different Italian climatic regions (in the northern, central and southern area of Italy).
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherMarcello Macrì
    Release dateFeb 3, 2015
    ISBN9786050354539
    Thermodynamic analysis of geothermal heat pumps for civil air-conditioning

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      Book preview

      Thermodynamic analysis of geothermal heat pumps for civil air-conditioning - Marcello Macrì

      Marcello Macrì

      THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS FOR CIVIL AIR-CONDITIONING

      UUID: 3b0dc45a-6a1f-11e5-80ee-119a1b5d0361

      This ebook was created with StreetLib Write (http://write.streetlib.com)

      by Simplicissimus Book Farm

      Table of contents

      INTRODUCTION

      I LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

      1.1 Geothermal energy

      1.1.1 High-enthalpy geothermal energy

      1.1.2 Low-enthalpy geothermal energy

      1.2 Geothermal heat pump

      1.2.1 The heat pump

      1.2.2 Classification of cold source / hot sink

      1.3 Air-conditioning with geothermal heat pump

      1.3.1 Introduction

      1.3.2 Plant description

      1.3.3 Geothermal heating fluid

      1.4 Energetic efficiency of buildings

      1.4.1 Normative References

      1.4.2 Energetic certification of buildings

      1.4.3 Heating requirements to heat

      1.4.4 Heating requirements to cool down

      1.5 Italian policy based on incentives

      1.6 Current regulation

      1.6.1 Local Regulations

      1.6.2 National regulations

      II PROJECT OF GEOTHERMAL VERTICAL PROBES

      2.1 Methods to size vertical geothermal probes

      2.1.1 Simplified method based on German regulation VDI 4640 (valid for thermal power < 30 kW)

      2.1.2 IGSHPA method

      2.1.3 ASHRAE method

      2.2 Heat transmission

      2.2.1 Conduction

      2.3 Heat transmission through soil

      2.3.1 Determination of the ground thermophysical properties

      2.3.2 Diagram of the free temperature of the subsoil

      2.3.3 Model to calculate the heat transfer between fluid and subsoil

      III MODEL TO CALCULATE THE BENEFITS OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

      3.1 Description of the model

      3.2 Thermodynamic analysis

      3.3 Economic Analysis

      3.4 Environmental analysis

      IV CASE STUDY

      4.1 The case study of a building

      4.2 Project of the probes (ASHRAE Method)

      4.3 Choice of the machine

      4.4 Simulation and results

      4.4.1 Results of the thermodynamic analysis

      4.4.2 Results of the economic analysis

      4.4.3 Financial Assessment

      4.4.4 Analysis of the environmental sustainability

      V CONCLUSIONS

      RINGRAZIAMENTI

      REFERENCES

      WEB REFERENCES

      INTRODUCTION

      The diffusion of new technologies exploiting the energetic sources and the increased users’ preference for the environmental- friendly ones have led to an increased number of plants using the so-called alternative energies and to the development of Research. In recent years, energetic requirement to cool buildings has increased, together with the electrical requirement to power air conditioners. It has surpassed, at least in our country, the amount for heating processes.

      This work is a contribution to reduce the amount of electricity used for air-conditioning. It considers many alternative solutions, avoiding the traditional ones.

      Energetic saving is one of the most important topic discussed nowadays. This subject is closely related to the problem of global warming; in fact, while the next exhaustion of traditional energetic resources isn’t a certainty, greenhouse gases are surely polluting. The international scientific community agrees on reducing the emissions produced by the use of fossil fuels (Tinti, 2008). The proposed comparison, an original and interesting study, concerns with the performances of two different systems for civil air-conditioning: geothermal heat pump and heat pump with cooled air. The adoption of an air - conditioning system with a geothermal heat pump is a solution which uses the soil as a heat reservoir during the year. This process is less influenced by the seasonal temperature range than by the outside air.

      I’ve chosen as case study a commercial building, which ideally takes place in three different Italian climatic regions. I’d like to highlight the peculiarities of the installation of a geothermal heat pump for air conditioning, during a warmer summer than the one when this pump has been developed. The pump has been mainly used for winter heating.

      According to this theory, European Union is promoting, especially for the construction industry, the diffusion of technologies which don’t use gas, oil or coal. They can lead to a reduction of 80% of energetic consumption and to a great reduction of emissions. In particular, recently in Brussels some public policies have focused on the climate - energy – innovation link, according to the limits of the Kyoto Protocol (the limits will have lowered gas emissions of the 20% by 2020). This relation must be translated into new public policies about the development of new technologies. The concept of sustainability is the corner-stone of energetic policy and the key to competitiveness and security.

      The strategic paper of 10 January 2007 An Energetic Policy for Europe calls for a new industrial revolution, accelerating the transition to a growth with low emissions of Carbon and increasing, over the years, the amount of produced and used green energy. The challenge must optimise European potential competitiveness, controlling at the same time the potential costs (Tinti, 2008).

      I LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

      1.1 Geothermal energy

      Geothermal energy is the particular form of terrestrial energy produced by the heat stored within the crust. This heat flows in huge quantities and is virtually inexhaustible. It surfaces after its propagation through the rocks or fluids as water and gas. In particular, Geothermy is the study, Research and exploitation of the terrestrial heat based on the scientific instruments of Geology, Chemistry, Physics and Engineering.

      The terrestrial heat is thus the essence of geothermal energy and, according to most reliable theories, it has mainly a radioactive origin and in addition a planetary and chemical one. A portion of terrestrial heat, propagating through the rocks, surfaces and is called geothermal heat flux. It regularly dissipates through the space (the Earth radiates endogenous heat through an electrical current of 0.065 Watt/m² (Basta, 2007)). The intensity of the geothermal flux is about 2500 times smaller than the solar radiation which arrives on Earth. The average solar radiation is 63 kW/m². Heat is dispersed by conduction (without transfer of material) and convection (with transport of material) through the underground rocks, while the irradiation is practically negligible. The temperature increases together with an average geothermal gradient[1] of 3 °C/100 m moving from the depth of 100 m in the crust to the external layer. This gradient isn’t constant; its value causes positive or negative thermal anomalies, depending on if it is higher or lower than the average (Sommaruga, 1995).

      Figure 1.1: Temperatures inside the Earth (source A.R.P.A.V.)

      The use of geothermal energy, allowed by particular local geo-lithological conditions, started immemorial time ago. Geothermal energy can be employed in the infinite range of human activities, thanks to its extreme versatility. It’s used, for example,

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