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    Pearl Harbor: Day of Infamy
    Pearl Harbor: Day of Infamy
    Pearl Harbor: Day of Infamy
    Ebook243 pages1 hour

    Pearl Harbor: Day of Infamy

    By The Associated Press

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    The December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor prompted the United States to formally enter World War II by declaring war on Japan and its ally Germany. What followed was nearly four long years of worldwide carnage before America and its allies emerged victorious. Revisit the historic event that President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared would ''live in infamy'' through the articles and stunning photographs by Associated Press journalists.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAP Editions
    Release dateMar 30, 2015
    ISBN9781633531109
    Pearl Harbor: Day of Infamy

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      Book preview

      Pearl Harbor - The Associated Press

      Table of Contents

      Table of Contents

      Overview

      Day of Infamy

      Prelude to Battle

      The Japanese Attack

      Inquiry and Scapegoats

      Executive Order 9066

      Remembering

      Pearl Harbor: A Photographic History

      Credits

      Overview

      Seventy-three years after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and 13 years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on American soil, the United States is more determined than ever to prevent another assault on its citizens and servicemembers. 

      The USS Arizona remains in Pearl Harbor as a reminder of the 1,177 sailors and marines who died aboard the battleship, and serves as the centerpiece of the memorial park in remembrance of that fateful day – one that President Franklin Roosevelt declared would ''live in infamy.'' 

      The attack prompted the United States to declare war on Japan and its ally Germany, formally entering World War II. What followed was nearly four long years of carnage around the world before America and its allies emerged victorious.

      The reporters and photographers of The Associated Press look back and remember. 

      Introduction

      Day of Infamy

      (003) AP4112070307

      The battleship USS Arizona belches smoke as it topples over into the sea during a Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Dec. 7, 1941. The ship sank with more than 80 percent of its 1,500-man crew, including Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd. The attack, which left 2,343 Americans dead and 916 missing, broke the backbone of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and forced America out of a policy of isolationism. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced that it was a date which will live in infamy; and Congress declared war on Japan the morning after. This was the first attack on American territory since 1812, December 7, 1941. (AP Photo)

      Day of Infamy Still Fresh for Pearl Harbor Survivors

      By Bruce Dunford

      December 6, 1996

      It has been 55 years since the peace of a Sunday morning — and of a nation — disintegrated in the chaos of fire from the air.

      Still, the memory of the attack on Pearl Harbor is as vivid to its survivors as the tropical dawn in which it occurred.

      "Every one of us can recall it right to the instant,'' said 82-year-old Joe Langdell, who came from Yuba City, Calif., to join some 450 other members of the Pearl Harbor Survivors Association at a memorial for the attack that dragged the United States into World War II.

      Langdell was an ensign aboard the USS Arizona, which still rests on the bottom of the harbor, 900 of its crew members entombed within. He was spared their fate because he was on Ford Island in the harbor's center when Japanese warplanes attacked at 7:50 a.m.

      The scars on 76-year-old Donald Stratton's arms attest to his story of escaping the burning Arizona by climbing hand-over-hand on a line tossed from the repair ship Vestal.

      Everybody was burned real bad,'' he said. I was on the gun control platform on the deck above the bridge where the captain and the admiral were killed.

      "We were firing at them. I seen the Oklahoma capsize. I seen the West Virginia get hit.''

      Within hours, 21 American vessels had been sunk, including the battleships Arizona, California, West Virginia, Oklahoma and Nevada. At airfields around the island of Oahu, 165 planes were destroyed and 159 were damaged.

      In all, 2,338 military personnel and civilians were killed. Japan lost 29 planes and five midget submarines in the attack.

      Survivors of the attack — the complete number is uncertain — reunite formally every five years to honor its victims.

      This year's ceremony is to begin with a service at 7:50 a.m. aboard the USS Arizona Memorial, including prayers, the laying of wreaths on the harbor waters above the sunken battleship and a 21-gun salute.

      Retired Navy Capt. Robert J. Norman, who was aboard the Nevada during the attack, was to deliver an address on the lawn of the Arizona Memorial Visitor Center.

      The ashes of three recently deceased Arizona survivors — James William Green of Troy, Mich., Frank Campbell of Surfside, Fla., and Norman Coplin of Miami, Fla. — were to be interred by Navy divers in the Arizona's submerged No. 4 barbette, the armored cylinder on which the battleship's 14-inch gun turret once were positioned. Ten survivors have been interred in the Arizona since 1988.

      Also Saturday (December 7), the Opana Radar Site in the bluffs overlooking Oahu's North Shore was to become a national historic landmark. From the site's trucks and trailer that housed then-new radar technology, Army operators detected the Japanese planes approaching the harbor. But the radar blips were ultimately dismissed as those of U.S. B-17 bombers from the mainland, allowing the planes to continue unchallenged on their mission.

      1

      Prelude to Battle

      (004) AP4112050150

      While these gentlemen talked peace in December 1941, the armed forces of their country were poised for the attack on Pearl Harbor the 7th of that month. They are the Japanese Ambassador to the United States, Kichisaburo Nomura, right, and special Japanese envoy to the U.S., Suburo Kurusu, as they waited to see Secretary of State Cordell Hull, December 5, 1941. (AP Photo)

      Pearl Harbor: A New Theory About

      Why the Fleet Was Caught Unawares

      By Tim Ahern

      December 14, 1985

      Late in the afternoon of Dec. 6, 1941, Adm. Husband E. Kimmel, the commander of the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, considered sending his ships to sea because of fears that an increasingly belligerent Japan might launch a pre-emptive attack on American forces.

      But without firm intelligence warnings that Japan might strike the Hawaiian base, Kimmel kept the ships in port, where they were attacked the next morning on the ''day of infamy'' that brought the United States into World War II.

      The series of mistakes and oversights that permitted the American fleet to be caught with its guard down has fascinated historians in the 44 years since that Sunday morning.

      (005) AP4109260150

      Lt. Ernest Blake (left), aide to Admiral Husband Kimmel, commander-in-chief of the United States fleet, greets Capt. Lord Louis Mountbatten, commander of H.M.S Illustrious, as he arrives in Honolulu to inspect the U.S. Navy facilities at Pearl Harbor. The Hula girl presented Lord Mountbatten with a flower Lei and a cooling drink in an undated photo, September 26, 1941. (AP Photo)

      Now, a new book paints Kimmel as the unwitting scapegoat and makes the first major attempt to rehabilitate his reputation. It is based on the recollections of Kimmel's chief intelligence officer and more than 1 million pages of documents that have been declassified only in the last several years.

      The book, ''And I Was There,'' was published Dec. 7, 1985 the 44th anniversary of the attack. Its chief author is the late Rear Adm. Edwin T. Layton, who was the Navy's Pacific fleet intelligence officer from 1940 to the end of the war. He was one of the few men who was present both at Pearl Harbor and on the deck of the battleship Missouri when Japan surrendered in 1945.

      Layton died last year as the book was being written and it was finished by his two co-authors, retired Navy Capt. Roger Pineau and British historian John Costello.

      Most histories of the Pearl Harbor attack have generally tended toward one of two theories. One is that that Kimmel ignored warnings from Washington and was stupidly asleep at the switch. The other is that he was intentionally kept in the dark by the U.S. high command, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who knew of the impending Japanese attack and did nothing because they felt it was the only way to get the United States into the war.

      But Layton's book offers a third analysis. Based on the declassified documents, it paints a picture of bitter feuding within the naval intelligence organization and the service's high command. Layton contends that unknown to Roosevelt, the bureaucratic fighting meant vital intelligence that could have alerted Pearl Harbor was denied Layton - and Kimmel.

      Historian John Toland, author of ''Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath,'' said in a telephone interview from his Connecticut home that he had not yet read Layton's book.

      Toland said Layton would not talk when Toland was doing his book, but

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