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    Auto-Transformer Design - A Practical Handbook for Manufacturers, Contractors and Wiremen
    Auto-Transformer Design - A Practical Handbook for Manufacturers, Contractors and Wiremen
    Auto-Transformer Design - A Practical Handbook for Manufacturers, Contractors and Wiremen
    Ebook85 pages44 minutes

    Auto-Transformer Design - A Practical Handbook for Manufacturers, Contractors and Wiremen

    By Alfred H. Avery

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    About this ebook

    First published in 1909, this practical engineering handbook is in its complete and unabridged original form, extensively illustrated and full of instruction that is as useful and practical today as it was when originally published. Contents include - Classification Of Transformers - Modern Methods Of Illumination - Elementary Theory, Fundamental Formulae - Practical Design - Efficiency Calculations - Constuctional Details. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateOct 17, 2011
    ISBN9781447492238
    Auto-Transformer Design - A Practical Handbook for Manufacturers, Contractors and Wiremen

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      Book preview

      Auto-Transformer Design - A Practical Handbook for Manufacturers, Contractors and Wiremen - Alfred H. Avery

      AUTO-TRANSFORMER

      DESIGN

      A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK

      FOR MANUFACTURERS, CONTRACTORS,

      AND WIREMEN

      BY

      ALFRED H. AVERY

      ASSOC. INST. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

      TWENTY-F1VE ILLUSTRATIONS

      1909

      INTRODUCTORY.

      THE position of the Auto-transformer appears to be much the same as that of the small dynamo a few years ago—a little more than toys, and yet hardly worth the serious consideration of our electrical designers. What I attempted to do in the A B C of Dynamo Design by indicating certain systematic lines on which the design of small machines could be successfully conducted, will I hope bear the same method of application to the present kindred subject, with some measure of success.

      The design of large transformers has been reduced to a fine art by many of our leading authorities; auto-transformers, however, are in a class by themselves, and are, in the main, too small for the methods that are in vogue with their larger brethren to be strictly applicable.

      To fill this palpable gap to eliminate rule-of-thumb, and to do common justice to what is really an important commercial instrument at the present juncture, has been my object; and I wish to take this opportunity of tendering my grateful acknowledgments to the various technical friends who have lent their kindly aid in the preparation of this little work.

      ALFRED H. AVERY.

      TUNBRIDGE WELLS:

      August, 1909.

      CONTENTS.

      CHAPTER I.

      CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS.

      Comparison of different types—Ordinary, auto, and balancing transformers—Points of economy—Diagrams of connections

      CHAPTER II.

      MODERN METHODS OF ILLUMINATION.

      Transition stages from carbon to metallic filaments—Voltage restrictions—Public supply pressures—Advantages of transforming to low pressure

      CHAPTER III.

      ELEMENTARY THEORY. FUNDAMENTAL FORMULÆ.

      Magnetic behaviour of iron with alternating current—Hysteresis—Energy losses in iron and copper circuits—Temperature rise as affecting the rating

      CHAPTER IV.

      PRACTICAL DESIGN.

      Public supply variations—Procedure in design—Tables and constants—Balancing theoretical and practical requirements—Details of design.

      CHAPTER V.

      EFFICIENCY CALCULATIONS.

      Calculation of no-load losses—Full-load efficiency—Power factor

      CHAPTER VI.

      CONSTUCTIONAL DETAILS.

      Core assembling—Coil winding—Insulating—Mounting—Enclosing

      ILLUSTRATIONS.

      AUTO-TRANSFORMER IN IRON CASE, WITH LID REMOVED

      1. ORDINARY TRANSFORMER DIAGRAM

      2. AUTO-TRANSFORMER DIAGRAM

      3. BALANCING-TRANSFORMER DIAGRAM

      4. BALANCING-TRANSFORMER UNEQUALLY LOADED

      5. THREE-WIRE SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION

      6. HYSTERESIS CURVE

      7. PERMEABILITY CURVES OF LOHYS AND STALLOY BRAND SHEETS

      8. ENERGY LOSS CURVES FOR STALLOY, WORKING AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES AND FLUX-DENSITIES

      9. TEMPERATURE-RISE OF TRANSFORMER COILS WORKED AT DIFFERENT CURRENT-DENSITIES

      10. TABULATED DATA OF TRANSFORMER CORES

      11. CURVE OF TRANSFORMER CONSTANTS

      12. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD BETWEEN THE TRANSFORMER COILS

      13. TABLE GIVING PROPERTIES OF COPPER CONDUCTORS

      14. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING COPPER CALCULATIONS

      15. PHASE-DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALTERNATING VOLTS AND AMPERES

      16. POWER-FACTOR DIAGRAM

      17. MAGNETIC JOINTS IN CORES

      18. METHOD OF ASSEMBLING STAMPINGS

      19. FORMER, FOR WINDING COILS

      20. CONNECTIONS OF TRANSFORMER COILS

      21. TAPING THE COILS

      22. BRACKET FOR MOUNTING TRANSFORMER

      23. WORKING DRAWINGS OF IRON CASE FOR COMPLETELY INCLOSING THE AUTO-TRANSFORMER

      24. PHOTOGRAPH OF THE FINISHED INSTRUMENT MOUNTED ON IRON BACKPLATE

      AUTO-TRANSFORMER DESIGN.

      CHAPTER I.

      CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS.

      Comparison of different types—Ordinary, auto, and balancing transformers—Points of economy—Diagrams of connections.

      ONE hears a good deal about Auto-transformers since the advent of the metallic-filament lamp; in fact they have come so much into prominence as to justify some little attempt to investigate the practical side of their design, to an extent befitting an instrument which plays such an important part in the commercial electrical world of to-day, where electric light is no longer merely a luxury, but a necessity. Moreover, apart from the scientific interest attached to this subject, there is a pecuniary side which will appeal strongly to those of us who have the privilege of paying quarterly electric light bills.

      To give an instance of the extent to which auto-transformers touch the pocket, let us take for an illustration the comparative cases of two private house installations, one with ordinary carbon filament lamps, and the other with metallic filament lamps; each house wired for fifty 16 c.p. and twenty-four 8 c.p. lamps.

      Economy.

      The initial outlay in each of these two cases will be:—

      But the running expenses, assuming that the consumption of current will be equivalent to the whole of the lamps being in use one hour per diem throughout the year, will be as follows:—

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