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    Battle Of Crete: Hitler’s Airborne Gamble
    Battle Of Crete: Hitler’s Airborne Gamble
    Battle Of Crete: Hitler’s Airborne Gamble
    Ebook118 pages1 hour

    Battle Of Crete: Hitler’s Airborne Gamble

    By Major Maria A. Biank

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    As Adolf Hitler conquered most of the European continent in 1939-1941, the small island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea became vital to future operations in the Mediterranean region for both the Axis and Allied powers. If the Allies controlled Crete, their air and sea superiority would not allow the Germans a strategic military foothold in the region. For the Germans, Crete would secure the Aegean Sea for Axis shipping, loosen Great Britain’s grasp in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and provide air bases to launch offensives against British forces in Egypt. Therefore, the central research question is: Did the results of the German campaign in Crete justify its execution? The operational results of the German campaign in Crete and the strategic advantages gained from its success did not justify the execution of the battle. Although Germany’s conquest of Crete achieved all of the strategic advantages, Hitler did not accomplish the strategic objectives set forth at the beginning of the campaign. Crete was not used as a staging base from which to engage the British in offensive operations against the Suez Canal or North Africa. German losses to the highly trained air corps were staggering and Hitler never again employed parachutists on a large-scale airborne operation. Future war efforts were deprived of this elite, highly mobile striking force. Hitler did not capitalize on the hard fought victory in Crete by using the island as a stepping-stone, ultimately controlling the eastern Mediterranean region because he was hypnotized by the invasion of Russia.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherLucknow Books
    Release dateAug 15, 2014
    ISBN9781782893219
    Battle Of Crete: Hitler’s Airborne Gamble

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      Book preview

      Battle Of Crete - Major Maria A. Biank

       This edition is published by PICKLE PARTNERS PUBLISHING—www.picklepartnerspublishing.com

      To join our mailing list for new titles or for issues with our books –

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      Text originally published in 2000 under the same title.

      © Pickle Partners Publishing 2013, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

      Publisher’s Note

      Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

      We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

      THE BATTLE OF CRETE: HITLER’S AIRBORNE GAMBLE

      by

      MARIA A. BIANK, MAJ, USA

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      Contents

      TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

      ABSTRACT 3

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4

      ACRONYMS 5

      CHAPTER 1 — INTRODUCTION 6

      CHAPTER 2 — SETTING THE STAGE 7

      CHAPTER 3 — STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF CRETE 16

      CHAPTER 4 — PREPARATIONS FOR INVASION 22

      CHAPTER 5 — THE BATTLE OF CRETE 32

      CHAPTER 6 — DID THE RESULTS OF THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN CRETE JUSTIFY ITS EXECUTION? 45

      REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 50

      APPENDIX A — MAP OF THE MEDITERRANEAN 51

      APPENDIX B — MAP OF CRETE 52

      APPENDIX C — GERMAN COMMAND STRUCTURE 53

      APPENDIX D — ALLIED COMMAND STRUCTURE 54

      GLOSSARY 55

      BIBLIOGRAPHY 56

      Books 56

      Periodicals 57

      Government Documents 57

      Internet Sources 57

      ABSTRACT

      THE BATTLE OF CRETE: HITLER’S AIRBORNE GAMBLE, by MAJ Maria Biank, 96 pages

      As Adolf Hitler conquered most of the European continent in 1939-1941, the small island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea became vital to future operations in the Mediterranean region for both the Axis and Allied powers. If the Allies controlled Crete, their air and sea superiority would not allow the Germans a strategic military foothold in the region. For the Germans, Crete would secure the Aegean Sea for Axis shipping, loosen Great Britain’s grasp in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and provide air bases to launch offensives against British forces in Egypt. Therefore, the central research question is: Did the results of the German campaign in Crete justify its execution? The operational results of the German campaign in Crete and the strategic advantages gained from its success did not justify the execution of the battle. Although Germany’s conquest of Crete achieved all of the strategic advantages, Hitler did not accomplish the strategic objectives set forth at the beginning of the campaign. Crete was not used as a staging base from which to engage the British in offensive operations against the Suez Canal or North Africa. German losses to the highly trained air corps were staggering and Hitler never again employed parachutists on a large-scale airborne operation. Future war efforts were deprived of this elite, highly mobile striking force. Hitler did not capitalize on the hard fought victory in Crete by using the island as a stepping-stone, ultimately controlling the eastern Mediterranean region because he was hypnotized by the invasion of Russia.

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      This project was successful only because of the support, patience, and guidance I received from my husband, Major Cameron A. Leiker, and my father, Colonel (retired) Samuel A. Biank, Jr. Cameron listened for hours about my ideas on Crete and assisted me in many untold ways. My father, an undergraduate history professor, was the impetus for this project, and provided his historical expertise throughout the research and writing phases. I would also like to thank my committee, Lieutenant Colonel Marlyn Pierce, Dr. Samuel Lewis, and Lieutenant Colonel John Suprin. Despite their busy schedules, they provided guidance, suggestions, and time while leading me through this project.

      ACRONYMS

      CREFORCE—Forces on Crete

      NZ—New Zealand

      CHAPTER 1 — INTRODUCTION

      As Adolf Hitler conquered most of the European continent from 1939 to 1941, the island of Crete in the eastern Mediterranean Sea became strategically important to both Germany and Great Britain. For the Germans, possession of Crete would secure the Aegean Sea for Axis shipping, loosen Great Britain’s grasp in the eastern Mediterranean, and provide air bases to launch offensives against British forces in Egypt. The Balkan region, as well as Crete, was also important to Germany as Hitler set his sights on Russia. Control of the Balkans would provide a secure right flank for his invading forces and protect the oilfields in Romania, which provided fuel for his war machine.

      The British also deeply desired to keep control of the island after the Allied evacuation of Greece in order to retain some influence in the area. With the fall of France in 1940, the Allies no longer had influence in Western Europe. Economically, the British wanted to protect their oil interests in the Persian Gulf area. Allied control of Crete with their air and sea superiority would deny the Germans a strategic military foothold in the region. In short, the possession of Crete was vital to the defense of the eastern Mediterranean for both the Axis and Allied powers. By April 1941, the Germans were in control of the Balkan peninsula and Great Britain had a strong presence in Egypt. Clearly, whoever controlled Crete would have a strategic advantage in future operations in the eastern Mediterranean.

      It was never the intention of Adolf Hitler to engage in military operations in Crete. His Italian counterpart, Benito Mussolini, brought him to Crete through his ill-conceived attack out of Albania into Greece during the winter months of 1940 to 1941. On 6 April 1941, the Germans attacked both Yugoslavia and Greece. Their objective was to deny the British use of bases to launch attacks against the Balkans. Another objective was to bail out Italy’s disastrous operation against Greek defenses. The German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece was a spectacular success. It reduced the threat of Allied air attacks from Greece against the German interests in the Balkans. The Germans also gained the strategic advantage of airbases, which gave them increased control in the eastern Mediterranean. It is from this vantage point that possession of Crete became strategically more important than had been heretofore envisioned. German possession of Crete would further deny the British use of airbases to launch attacks against the Balkans and would also protect Axis shipping to North Africa and conversely, be a detriment to Allied efforts in North Africa.

      Because of this, the small island became a significant strategic location. Desiring to secure Germany’s southern flank during an invasion of Russia, Germany began the first large-scale airborne invasion in the history of warfare--Operation Merkur in May 1941. As a result of the German victory in Crete, Germany gained control of the entire Balkan area and eastern Mediterranean. However, Hitler’s response to the victory was somewhat of a mystery. The battle was the end of the

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