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    Action Potentials: A Tutorial Study Guide
    Action Potentials: A Tutorial Study Guide
    Action Potentials: A Tutorial Study Guide
    Ebook89 pages38 minutes

    Action Potentials: A Tutorial Study Guide

    By Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

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    About this ebook

    “Action Potential” is a part of the Principles of Biology course series and the Neuropsychopharmacology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format. It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNicoladie Tam, Ph.D.
    Release dateAug 20, 2013
    ISBN9781301115372
    Action Potentials: A Tutorial Study Guide
    Author

    Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

    Dr. Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., is an author and a university professor with a Ph.D. degree in Physiology and 3 bachelor's degrees in Computer Science, Physics, and Astrophysics.She uses innovative teaching methods to challenge students and engage them to participate in learning. The books she has written are intuitive, easy-to-read and understand because she applies the theories of learning gained from her neurobiological research.The pedagogy uses immediate feedback to provide answers to questions instantly to accelerate the rate of learning and knowledge acquisition. The interactive and self-paced method allows students to explore knowledge modularly and incrementally without a pre-defined path of exploration.The brain-compatible pedagogy was inspired by the results of her brain research, which identified how decisions are affected by emotions using a neurobiological model of emotions she has created.She has teaching experience in physiology, neuroscience, and neuropsychopharmacology.

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      Book preview

      Action Potentials - Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

      Action Potential

      A Tutorial Study Guide

      Nicoladie Tam, Ph. D.

      Copyright © 2015 by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

      ISBN 978-1-301-11537-2

      All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means without prior written permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations in critical review articles.

      Authored by: Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

      Published by: Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D.

      First Published: August 20, 2013

      Revision Date: June 26, 2015

      eBook ISBN: 9781301115372

      Book statistics: 14,400 words

      Keywords: action potential, nerve impulse, neuron, membrane potential, Na-K pump, refractory period, conduction velocity, biology, study guide, tutorial

      Produced in the United States of America

      The printed version of this eBook is also available in PDF format in 48 pages.

      *~*~*~*~*

      Preface

      Action Potential is a part of the college-level Principles of Biology course series and the Neuropsychopharmacology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format to describe the physiology of action potentials, nerve impulses and graded potentials in neurons.

      It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.

      *~*~*~*~*

      Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Principles of Biology course series:

      Principles of Biology textbook in one volume:

      Principles of Biology: Animal Systems

      ISBN 9781301691739

      Individual chapters of the Principles of Biology textbook series:

      Biological System

      ISBN 9781301003891

      Scientific Methods

      ISBN 9781301898688

      Biological Principles

      ISBN 9781310803666

      Origin of Species

      ISBN 9781301352456

      Nervous System

      ISBN 9781301053025

      Neuron

      ISBN 9781301119646

      Action Potential

      ISBN 9781301115372

      Synapse

      ISBN 9781301374120

      Reflex

      ISBN 9781301991266

      Neurotransmitter

      ISBN 9781301268610

      Sensory System

      ISBN 9781301660070

      Motor System

      ISBN 9781301500895

      Endocrine System

      ISBN 9781301642939

      Reproductive System

      ISBN 9781301424078

      Circulatory System

      ISBN 9781301262410

      Respiratory System

      ISBN 9781301805389

      Immune System

      ISBN 9781301452309

      Renal System

      ISBN 9781301927111

      Digestive System

      ISBN 9781301317097

      Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Neuropsychopharmacology course series:

      Neuropsychopharmacology textbook in one volume:

      Neuropsychopharmacology

      ISBN 9781311596178

      Individual chapters of Neuropsychopharmacology textbook series:

      Neuropsychopharmacology: An Introduction

      ISBN 9781301482733

      Scientific Methods

      ISBN 9781301898688

      Mind-Brain Connection

      ISBN 9781301903405

      Pharmacology: In Introduction

      ISBN 9781301843534

      Pharmacokinetics

      ISBN 9781301010776

      Dose-Response Curve

      ISBN 9781301541812

      Learning Mechanisms

      ISBN 9781301729531

      Cognitive Learning

      ISBN 9781301966455

      Experimental Methods in Neuropsychopharmacology

      ISBN 9781301966455

      Brain Imaging Techniques

      ISBN 9781311863638

      Nervous System

      ISBN 9781301053025

      Neuron

      ISBN 9781301119646

      Action Potential

      ISBN 9781301115372

      Synapse

      ISBN 9781301374120

      Reflex

      ISBN 9781301991266

      Neurotransmitter

      ISBN 9781301268610

      Neurotransmitter Pathways

      ISBN 9781301696666

      Cytoplasmic Release of Neurotransmitters

      ISBN 9781311978615

      Executive Functions

      ISBN 9781301125968

      ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

      ISBN 9781301318445

      Schizophrenia

      ISBN 9781301972692

      Affective Disorders: Depression, Mania and Bipolar Disorder

      ISBN 9781311988416

      Anxiety Disorders

      ISBN 9781311060419

      *~*~*~*~*

      Table of Contents

      Cover Page

      Preface

      Action Potential

      Membrane Potentials

      Ionic Channels

      Na-K Pump

      Mechanisms of Action Potentials

      Action Potentials

      Refractory Period

      Conduction Velocity

      About the Author

      Other Books Published by the Author

      *~*~*~*~*

      1.Action Potential

      Objectives

      Understand the electrical potentials

      Understand the function of membrane potentials

      Understand the function of action potentials

      Understand the mechanisms in generating membrane potentials

      Understand the mechanisms in generating action potentials

      Understand the factors affecting conduction velocity

      Understand the role of myelination

      *~*~*~*~*

      1.1.Membrane Potentials

      Objectives

      Understand how electrical potentials are generated across the membrane

      Concepts to Learn

      Understand how electrical charge difference can create electrical potentials

      Generation of resting potential

      Role of influx of Na+ ions

      Role of efflux of K+ ions

      Role of Na-K pump

      Q&A

      What is membrane potential?

      It is the electrical potential difference generated between the inside and outside of a cell. That is, a cell is electrically charged, resulting in a voltage difference across the membrane.

      Many cells in the body are electrically charged for communication or for direction motility. The electrical charge provides attraction and repulsion depending on whether electrical charges are opposite or the same. Opposite charges (positive and negative charges) attract whereas same charge (either both positive or both negative) repels.

      If we put a voltmeter across the membrane and measure the electrical potential between the inside and outside of a cell, and if the cell is electrically charged, it will show a voltage difference.

      What is

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