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    Supercapacitors 101: A home Inventors Handbook
    Supercapacitors 101: A home Inventors Handbook
    Supercapacitors 101: A home Inventors Handbook
    Ebook103 pages1 hour

    Supercapacitors 101: A home Inventors Handbook

    By Robert Murray-Smith

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    About this ebook

    This book is best used in conjunction with the youtube videos found at youtube.com/user/RobertMurraySmith where I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. The electrochemical supercapacitor is an emerging technology that promises to play an important role in meeting the demands of electronic devices and systems both now and in the future. This book traces the history of the development of the technology, and explores the principles and theory of operation as well as giving some guidance on the methods for producing the materials required to construct a supercapacitor . The use of supercapacitors in applications such as pulse power, backup sources, and others has many advantages over alternative technologies and until recently was well beyond the scope of the home experimenter. However, with the help of this book it is now possible for everyone to become involved in this exciting field of energy development.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRobert Murray-Smith
    Release dateApr 14, 2013
    ISBN9781301794362
    Supercapacitors 101: A home Inventors Handbook
    Author

    Robert Murray-Smith

    If you want to contact me you can email me at robertmurraysmith64@gmail.com

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      Book preview

      Supercapacitors 101 - Robert Murray-Smith

      Supercapacitors 101 - A Home Inventors Handbook

      by

      Robert Murray-Smith

      Copyright 2013 Robert Murray-Smith

      Smashwords Edition

      This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Contents

      Introduction

      History

      Current Commercial Activity

      Basic Principles

      Current Research

      Principles Of Operation

      Capacitor Construction

      Applications

      Design Considerations

      Future Directions Of The Technology

      Conclusion

      FAQ

      This book is best used in conjunction with the youtube videos found at youtube.com/user/RobertMurraySmith where I will be happy to answer any questions you may have. The electrochemical supercapacitor is an emerging technology that promises to play an important role in meeting the demands of electronic devices and systems both now and in the future. This book traces the history of the development of the technology, and explores the principles and theory of operation as well as giving some guidance on the methods for producing the materials required to construct a supercapacitor . The use of supercapacitors in applications such as pulse power, backup sources, and others has many advantages over alternative technologies and until recently was well beyond the scope of the home experimenter. However, with the help of this book it is now possible for everyone to become involved in this exciting field of energy development.

      Introduction

      Electrochemical capacitors are currently called by a number of names: supercapacitor , ultracapacitor, or electrochemical double-layer capacitor. The list of different names is almost as large as the number of manufacturers, and since the technology is only currently beginning to find itself a market a universal term does not seem to have been agreed upon as yet. The term ‘supercapacitor ’ finds itself in common usage, being the tradename of the first commercial devices made by Nippon Electric Company (NEC), but ‘ultracapacitor’ is also commonly used, originating from devices made by the Pinnacle Research Institute (PRI) for the US military.

      While electrostatic capacitors have been used as energy storage elements for nearly a century, low capacitance values have traditionally limited them to low- power applications as components in analogue circuits, or at most as short-term memory backup supplies. Recent developments in manufacturing techniques have changed this, however, and with the ability to construct materials of high surface-area and electrodes of low resistance has come the ability to store more energy in the form of electric charge. This has combined with an understanding of the charge transfer processes that occur in the electric double-layer to make high-power electrochemical capacitors possible.

      Supercapacitors therefore represent a new breed of technology that occupies a niche amongst other energy storage devices that was previously vacant. They have the ability to store greater amounts of energy than conventional capacitors, and are able to deliver more power than batteries.

      Besides bridging the gap between capacitors and batteries, supercapacitors also possess a number of desirable qualities that make them an attractive energy storage option. The mechanisms by which Supercapacitors store and release charge are completely reversible, so they are extremely efficient and can withstand a large number of charge/discharge cycles. They can store or release energy very quickly, and can operate over a wide range of temperatures. Supercapacitors have only very recently begun to make themselves known as a viable energy storage alternative, and while most electrical engineers may be aware of the technology it is probable that few possess an understanding of the processes involved and the applications that are possible. Ignorance of the full capabilities of Supercapacitors will most likely lead to more conventional alternatives being selected instead.

      In these electrochemical capacitors, the electrolyte is the conductive connection between the two electrodes. This distinguishes them from electrolytic capacitors, in which the electrolyte is the cathode and thus forms the second electrode.

      Supercapacitors are polarized and must operate with the correct polarity in the same way that batteries are polarized. Polarity is controlled by design with asymmetric electrodes, or, for symmetric electrodes, by a potential applied during manufacture.

      To think of supercapacitors as a single thing is a bit of a mistake. Supercapacitors actually divide into three main types. Those that store their charge electrostatically like ordinary capacitors, those that store their charge electrochemically like ordinary batteries and the hybrid type that exist somewhere in between. This relationship is shown diagrammatically below.

      The three types are differentiated by their electrode design.

      Double-layer capacitors – with carbon electrodes or derivates with much higher static double-layer capacitance than the faradaic pseudocapacitance

      Pseudocapacitors – with electrodes out of metal oxides or conducting polymers with much higher faradaic pseudocapacitance than than the static double-layer capacitance

      Hybrid capacitors – capacitors with special electrodes that exhibit both significant

      History

      The storage of electrical charge in the interface between a metal and an electrolytic solution has been studied by chemists since the nineteenth century, but the practical use of double-layer capacitors only began in 1957, when a patent was placed by General Electric for an electrolytic capacitor using porous carbon electrodes. Although the patent admits that "it is not positively known exactly what takes place when the devices… are used

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